Terms And Conditions Of Use - 1692 Words

Terms and conditions of use 1. Introduction 1.1 These terms and conditions shall govern your use of NextGenTest. 1.2 By using NextGenTest, you accept these terms and conditions in full; accordingly, if you disagree with these terms and conditions or any part of these terms and conditions, you must not use NextGenTest. 1.3 [You must be at least [13] years of age to use NextGenTest; and by using NextGenTest or agreeing to these terms and conditions, you warrant and represent to us that you are at least [13] years of age.] 2. Copyright notice 2.1 Copyright (c) [208] [NextGen Material Testing Inc]. 2.2 Subject to the express provisions of these terms and conditions: (a) we, together with our licensors, own and control all the copyright and†¦show more content†¦4.5 Unless you own or control the relevant rights in the material, you must not: (a) republish material from NextGenTest (including republication on another website); (b) sell, rent or sub-license material from NextGenTest; (c) show any material from NextGenTest in public; (d) exploit material from NextGenTest for a commercial purpose; or (e) redistribute material from NextGenTest. 4.6 [Notwithstanding Section 4.5, you may redistribute [our newsletter] in [print and electronic form] to [any person].] 4.7 We reserve the right to restrict access to areas of NextGenTest, or indeed our whole website, at our discretion; you must not circumvent or bypass, or attempt to circumvent or bypass, any access restriction measures on NextGenTest. 5. Acceptable use 5.1 You must not: (a) use NextGenTest in any way or take any action that causes, or may cause, damage to the website or impairment of the performance, availability or accessibility of the website; (b) use NextGenTest in any way that is unlawful, illegal, fraudulent or harmful, or in connection with any unlawful, illegal, fraudulent or harmful purpose or activity; (c) use NextGenTest to copy, store, host, transmit, send, use, publish or distribute any material which consists of (or is linked to) any

Healthcare Considerations For The Native American Culture

HEALTHCARE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE 1 Healthcare Considerations for the Native American Culture Christina Seif Mid-State Technical College HEALTHCARE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE 2 Abstract The Native American culture is the original culture of the United States. Members of Native American tribes live throughout the country. â€Å"There are an estimated 4.9 million persons, in 565 federally recognized tribes who are classified as American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AI), alone or in combination with one or more other designated racial classifications. This demographic group compromises 1.6% of the U.S. population† (Horowitz, 2012). Wisconsin is home to the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), Ojibwa (Chippewa), and the Potawatomi tribes (â€Å"American†, 2014). It is important for nurses within this state, as well as any other state, to understand the Native American belief system in order to provide a quality healthcare experience. Nurses are the primary point of contact in the healthcare setting. Client advocacy is one of the nurse’s major roles. Therefore, the nurse should have the highest level of diversity understanding for the cultures within the loc al region. HEALTHCARE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE 3 Healthcare Considerations for the Native American Culture Family Patterns Native American family dynamics differ from the typical western family. NativeShow MoreRelatedEducational Challenges of Native Americans1612 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Native Americans Educational Challenges Introduction Why are Native Americans underrepresented in the various healthcare fields in the United States? Is it because they lack access to educational opportunities in that field? What are the challenges that face Native Americans when it comes to the education and curricula they need to forge ahead and become representative in the healthcare industry? These questions and other issues will be addressed in this paper. The Lack of Native AmericansRead MoreAmerican-Indians and the United States Health System1556 Words   |  6 Pages American Indians and the United States Health System Introduction Though American Indians are enjoying an independent public health system with above $3 billion funds provided by Congress annually for delivering healthcare services to them, still figure and facts on health status of American Indians reveal that they are facing many difficulties and have to suffer from diverse type of illness and disease at a misappropriate level. Since long it was identified by medical communities that thereRead MoreEssay about Health Promotion in American Indian and Native Alaskan1161 Words   |  5 PagesPopulations Healthcare is an ever changing entity with an ever changing population of clients. In current day 2016, the United Sates has become a melting pot of many different cultural backgrounds, which has led to changes within the system to accommodate the patient base. Unfortunately, not all changes have been able to effectively reach any and all persons from every background. We still see language and cultural barriers that have direct correlation to the inability to seek healthcare and or theRead MoreHeritage977 Words   |  4 PagesConsideration of Heritage Carolyn E. Armstrong Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V Family Centered Health Promotion October 5, 2014 Consideration of Heritage Many different cultural backgrounds have integrated into our society, as we know it today. Cultural diversity is growing by record numbers in the United States, and providing healthcare to this growing population becomes more complicated due to the diverse needs of individuals. As our population diversifies our healthcare delivery systemsRead MoreCultural Competency For A Successful Profession1414 Words   |  6 Pagescompetence should be put into consideration to create an environment that favors better communication. Since migration of people across the globe has increased, it has resulted to a population that is ethnically diverse. Nurses must therefore interact with a diversified community, hence the need to learn about their culture. When involved in a work team, the following disciplines should be considered: valuing diversity, having the ability to asses and scrutinize culture, to be aware of differencesRead MoreCulture Shock And Cultural Adaptation1402 Words   |  6 Pa gesCulture shock is generally describes the uneasiness, stress as well as anxiety an individual feels when they encounter an unfamiliar cultural background, as a result of loosing familiar cues along with meanings associated with behavior and communication. Culture shock is thus an experience that happens to a person in every sphere of life when they face different lifestyles and world perceptions whether with regards to education, health or jobs among others. While residents or natives may take forRead MoreHealth Care Practices And Its Impact On An Individual s Health Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagesother areas of life, such as receiving or delivering health care. Healthcare practices and regard for healthcare employees vary across the different cultures. Patients differ due to various aspects. These differences constitute of patient illness, personality, socioeconomic class or education, however the most endless variation is cultural. Race, religion, language, education, ethnicity and economic status are the essence of culture that has a significant influence on an individual s health and wellbeingRead MoreTranscultural Nursing : An Integral Part Of The Culture Of Nursing Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesDue to the rapidly diversifying world that we live in, transcultural nursing should be an integral part of the culture of nursing. By the year 2050 over half of the U.S. population will be comprised of non-white or racially diverse backgrounds (Andrews Boyle, 2016-a). Nursing schools and healthcare organizations should ensure that students and staff are appropriately prepared to care for diverse populations by providing transcultural skills education. In this post, I will define culturally diverseRead MoreCultural Competence1203 Words   |  5 PagesSensitivity and the Health Practices in Dominican Republic The demographics of the United States is changing to one that is multicultural, multiethnic, and multilingual. Culture is a vital component in the health and wellness of individuals. Culture affects individuals beliefs, definition of health, treatments, and interaction with healthcare providers. These beliefs may affect the patient’s compliance with medication or therapy. In order to address the diverse beliefs of today’s population the advanceRead MoreFaith Diversity and Healthcare Providers1231 Words   |  5 PagesFaith Diversity and Healthcare Providers Tonya L Henson Grand Canyon University HLT 310V M. Pasqua February 12, 2011 The United States (U.S.) has always been the melting pot of the world, resulting in a diverse spiritual community. Christianity is still the predominant religion, but a recent survey by the Pew Forum on Religion amp; Public Life details the shifts taking place in the U.S. According to the study, 28 percent of American adults have left the faith of their upbringing for another

Singin in the Rain free essay sample

This paper is an essay review of the classical musical movie, Singin In The Rain. The author states that the movie Singin in the Rain, an all American musical classic, is regarded as the best musical on film. The paper describes the story line, main characters, conflict and theme. The author discusses the cinematography techniques and special effects. The paper reviews the movie form the aspects of American history and culture expressed in the film and the authors personal reaction to the film. The emphasis of the paper is cultural history. `The movie is tongue-in-cheek and even without the musical numbers would still be a classic comedy. However, Gene Kelly singing and dancing to the song `Singin in the Rain is an all-time movie scene classic and its unimaginable to think of the movie without it. His dance routines with Cyd Charisse, although perhaps not movie classics, are quite memorable and sensual. We will write a custom essay sample on Singin in the Rain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are worth watching if only to awe at Charisse. OConnor shines as Kellys comedic studio musician sidekick.

Discuss the View That Liberty and Equality Are Incompatible free essay sample

Discuss the view that liberty and equality are incompatible In this essay I aim to discuss the view that Liberty and Equality are incompatible. This view was put forward by Lord Acton when he said â€Å"the passion for equality made vain the hope of freedom†. However, the issue of compatibility relies on how you define the terms Liberty and Equality because, in the words of W. B Gallie, both liberty and equality are â€Å"essentially contested concepts† and there are therefore different interpretations of each concepts meaning. The contemporary political thinker Isaiah Berlin in his book, ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’, distinguished between a positive concept of freedom and a negative concept of freedom. Equality is split into three interpretations and they are Formal Equality, Equality of Outcome and Equality of Opportunity. I will conclude that in the words of Hobhouse â€Å"the struggle for liberty, is the struggle for equality†, hence the two concepts are more compatible than they are different. The first interpretation of Liberty is Negative Freedom which is concerned with ‘freedom from’-the absence of restrain, interference or impediment and believes that you are only free to the extent you are not being constrained. The first strand of Equality that I will compare Negative Liberty with is Formal Equality which argues that because we are all human beings we are all equal because of a shared human essence and therefore we are entitled to be treated with equal respect and dignity. Formal Equality is based around treating individuals with equal dignity, in the words of Immanuel Kant individuals should not be treated as a ‘means to an end, not ends in themselves’. Clearly the sweeping redistribution of income would use individuals for a wider aim of providing an equal start in life for all and hence undermine the Kantian Dictate that underpins Formal Equality. Similarly, Negative Liberty is a not a distributive ideal as it believes in a minimal state and laissez faire free market economics. Indeed, Classical Liberals such as Nozick who would advocate Negative Liberty believe that the welfare state and the taxation needed to fund it is ‘akin to forced labour’. Therefore Negative Liberty is compatible with Formal Equality because neither of them are distributive ideals. The second strand of Equality to be compared with Negative Liberty is Equality of Opportunity Equality of Opportunity is a conception which believes in giving individuals an equal start in life so that through their natural aptitude and talents they will become unequal and forge ahead of others-this conception is underpinned by the idea of a Meritocracy similar to the one outlined by Plato in ‘The Republic’. Whether Negative Liberty is incompatible with Equality depends on which strand of Equality of Opportunity is being referred to. Equality of opportunity is divided into two strands; the Minimal Conception which is concerned with equality before the law, and the Substantive Conception which believes that in order to have a genuinely equal start in life adjustments must be made for social and cultural inequalities. The Minimal Conception is compatible with Negative Liberty as neither of them advocates redistribution or government intervention. Whilst the Substantive Conception is not compatible with Negative Liberty as it requires government intervention and redistribution to correct for inequalities and provide for example, quality education for all to give every child an ‘equal opportunity to become unequal’. The final strand of Equality to be compared with Negative Liberty is Equality of Outcome. Equality of Outcome concerns itself with everyone finishing the ‘race of life’ in the same position and this would involve the equalisation of living standards, social circumstances and wages. Only Marxists would argue for absolute equality of wealth but not even they advocate complete Equality of Outcome because they believe in allocating resources ‘from each according to his abilities to each according to his needs’ and because people’s needs differ some need more material rewards than others- As Aristotle highlighted in ‘The Politics’, injustice arises only when equals are treated unequally, but also when unequal’s are treated equally. Therefore the case for Equality of Outcome is really the debate about redistribution, and clearly therefore this is not compatible with Negative Liberty as it advocates minimal state intervention. Positive Liberty however, is concerned with ‘freedom to’ and is split into three strands- Freedom as Autonomy, Freedom as Political Participation and Freedom as Self Realisation. Equality. Freedom as Self Realisation is concerned with giving individuals the opportunities they need to realise their potential which then will make them more free. As most Modern Liberals such as T. H Green and Hobson or Social Democrats would agree, Freedom as Self Realisation is more the modern strand of Positive Liberty and therefore I will focus on this interpretation of Positive Freedom. When comparing Positive Liberty and Formal Equality I would argue that they are not compatible because Positive Liberty is about giving people the opportunity to realise their potential through the welfare state and redistribution of material wealth whereas those who advocate Formal Equality would argue that redistribution violates the Kantian dictate which underpins the concept of Formal Equality. However, it could be argued that because Formal Equality is about every single individual feeling self worth and respect, if someone has no opportunity to realise their skills and talents, what will happen to their feelings of self worth? Hence possibly, there is an area of compatibility between the concepts. In comparing Equality of Opportunity with Positive Liberty again, you must consider both interpretations of Equality of Opportunity. The Minimal Conception would be compatible with Positive Liberty as if you are all equal before the law, and there are no legal impediments then you are able to realise your potential and achieve Freedom as Self Realisation. The Substantive Conception is also compatible with Positive Liberty because by adjusting for social and cultural inequalities will give all individuals the opportunity to realise their talents and skills and reap the rewards from developing and exercising these talents- Freedom as Self Realisation. In remembering that Equality of Outcome is not exercised in its pure form and is therefore more about moving towards a more egalitarian society through redistribution of material rewards to ensure equal outcomes in life for everyone, clearly there is a comparison between this and Positive Freedom as Self Realisation because it allows everyone to have the resources they need to

Bob Knowlton

Effective leadership is an important aspect to speak about the progress of modern organisations. However, there are often cases when weak leaders lose their opportunities to contribute to the organisational development in order to create the effective workplace environment and achieve set goals and objectives. Bob Knowlton was appointed to be the project head in the Si-Tech Laboratories.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Bob Knowlton specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Knowlton demonstrated the perfect understanding of the principles of the project development, he could work with the team to achieve the high results, and he was oriented to using the traditional methods in order to reach the set goals. From this perspective, the introduction of Jack Remington as a new leader to work in the project team made Knowlton fear about his position and leadership. Remington demonstrated the unique approach to solving the p roject problems in contrast to Knowlton’s traditional approach. Being unable to compete with Remington, Knowlton chose to leave the project and his position in the Si-Tech Laboratories. As a result, the situation revealed such a problem experienced by Knowlton as the inability to accept his weaknesses and fears and transform the leadership strategy in order to achieve the higher results while leading the team. Key Issue or the Major Problem Thus, the key issue associated with Knowlton’s case is his ineffective leadership which can be discussed as the leader’s inability to accept the undesirable situation, to face challenges, to work at overcoming the problem and improving the leadership style. Knowlton did not accept the drawbacks of his leadership style which were revealed to him with references to Remington’s approach. Instead, the leader chose to hide his real attitude to Remington and his concerns associated with the newcomer’s approaches and t he whole work of the team. Sub-Issues and Problems Knowlton chose the ineffective strategy of hiding his real concerns and fears associated with Remington’s introduction to the team. As a result, Knowlton’s behaviour resulted in revealing such additional problems as the following ones:Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Knowlton failed to communicate openly to Dr. Jerrold about the leader’s concerns because of the fear to demonstrate his incertitude; Knowlton focused on his fear to be discussed as a weak leader in comparison with Remington instead of addressing the issue directly; The leader was not able to set the strict rules on the behaviour at meetings, on the order of presenting the ideas, and on the procedure of discussing the changes in the project as the rules could help him to avoid night calls and ineffective discussions during the meetings; Knowlton became afraid of opposing Remington and admitted his leadership in spite of the team’s attitude and without any discussions of the issue; Knowlton chose to leave his leadership position to Remington instead of reforming work in the team and stating his leadership as the project head; The leader became involved in thinking about his fears and his leadership status in spite of communicating to the team. Ego-Defence Mechanism Knowlton could not cope with the challenges he faced because the leader chose to focus on such an ego-defence mechanism as regression. Having understood that Remington demonstrates another style of leadership and this approach can seem to be effective for the team, Knowlton chose to hide his ineffectiveness as a leader and leave the position of the project head instead of facing the possible challenge openly or organising the work in order to use Remington’s potential for the benefits of the team. Bases of Power In spite of the fact that K nowlton could use the legitimate base of power because of his project head position and the expert power because of promoting the development of the photon correlator, the leader failed to draw upon on the referent and reward powers when Remington was introduced to the team. Knowlton admitted that he cannot be respected in spite of the fact that he is the legitimate leader and failed to use the referent power. Furthermore, Knowlton rejected his expert power while focusing on Remington’s innovative approach to solving problems. The leader also ignored the advantages of the reward power important while working with the team. Knowlton’s Leadership Style Knowlton’s leadership style can be discussed as democratic at the first stages of working with the team because of the necessity to build and stabilize an effective team. Furthermore, Knowlton has the features of a supporting and delegating leader who can not only support the team members’ positions but also delegate a range of responsibilities to them. In addition, Knowlton can be discussed as the traditional leader instead of being a transformational leader. That is why, it was rather difficult for Knowlton to accept Remington’s unique approach to discussing the problems of the project. The Managerial Profile of Bob Knowlton Knowlton’s strengths are the focus on the team members’ opinions and the focus on collaboration. Furthermore, Knowlton can build the effective team which can work to achieve the long-term goals. As a manager, Knowlton is interested in seeking the approval of the team members and Dr. Jerrold.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Bob Knowlton specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That is why, Knowlton can be oriented to achieving the results which address the whole team’s expectations. From this point, Knowlton’s leadership style and approach are effective to work a t the long-term projects. However, there are also weaknesses in Knowlton’s approach which led him to losing his status of the leader. Knowlton is characterised by the low self-esteem which makes him seek the approval of all the co-workers in spite of their status. Furthermore, Knowlton’s self-confidence is also low because the leader became to doubt about his potential after Remington had joined the team. Knowlton depends on the opinion and respect of other persons. In addition, the leader cannot communicate openly to the team members. To address the weaknesses, it is important to help Knowlton to understand that his appointment as the project head is not a chance, but the real appreciation of the leader’s skills and competency. Knowlton should be trained to accept the situation and its consequences without focusing on the ineffective ego-defence mechanism. Knowlton can be discussed as a good leader to work in a small team who respects his potential and perceive s him as an expert. However, Knowlton failed to use the opportunity to demonstrate his leadership potential while facing the challenge of introducing a new leadership style into the team. Thus, Knowlton did not state his leadership position. Bing characterised by the low self-esteem, Knowlton chose to accept the development of events which was not beneficial for him. Furthermore, understanding the team’s dissatisfaction associated with Remington’s leadership style, Knowlton ignored the opportunities to change the situation for better and to state his position of the leader. This case study on Bob Knowlton was written and submitted by user Nancy L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Determine what is poverty and whom can we classify as deprived or poor The WritePass Journal

Determine what is poverty and whom can we classify as deprived or poor Introduction Determine what is poverty and whom can we classify as deprived or poor Introduction When discussing about poverty, it is significant to determine what is poverty and whom can we classify as deprived or poor. It is essential to define poverty prior to it is measuring. Poverty refers to circumstances relating a lack of income, also a resultant low level of consumption and wellbeing. When talking about poverty, the criterion against which the income level is judged should be apparent, which is why the   measurements of poverty have had numerous disagreements over the years. There are two common concepts of poverty: an absolute concept of poverty, and a relative concept of poverty. A household would be considered in a absolute poverty if its income is set to a minimum level of expenditure and hence a set level of income, which leads to a minimum level of consumption such as diet, that is satisfactory to sustain wellbeing and restricted housing and clothing. Relative poverty on the other hand   is defined in terms of the standard of living in a specific society, at a specific time. Relative poverty takes into consideration a households income compared to other households in that society. If a household possesses insufficient income to allow it to partake in the habitual actions of its people. (Jean Hindriks, Gareth D. Myles (2006)).Constructing   a poverty line is the first step of measuring poverty. This constructed line separates those living   in poverty from those who are not.   (Jean Hindriks, Gareth D. Myles (2006)). Household surveys of income distribution or consumption that are similar across countries is fundamental for achieving steady measure s of poverty( Having global poverty by Timothy Besley, Robin Burgess). Identifying an indicator for household welfare, is the firs phase of measuring poverty, and this indicator could be based on consumption, income or expenditure (Ravallion, 1996). Household surveys of income distribution or consumption that are similar across countries is fundamental for achieving steady measures of poverty. In spite of this, ever with the most up-to-date   poverty data, constructing a poverty line that can be used for   comparison projects across countries proves to be challenging and problematic (Having global poverty by Timothy Besley, Robin   Burgess). Calculating the expenditure of a minimum average of living, mainly   concentrating on having sufficient food, is the traditional way of   constructing â€Å"precise† poverty line. Since in the poorest countries most of the earnings of the people is used up on food, not having sufficient money is not having enough to eat. But setting poverty line completely based   on food lacks reliability, because even the poorest purchase things other than food and clothing, goods that are   not categorised as necessities. This said the relation between   poverty and starvation still remains strong and this is why   a lot of countries determine  Ã‚   their poverty lines by calculating the expense of getting   a sufficient amount of   food (â€Å"Measuring Poverty† by Angus Deaton, 2003) References Jean Hindrinks, Gareth D. Myles.(2006) â€Å"Intermidiate Public Economics†, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Developing a training program for middle-mangers Essay

Developing a training program for middle-mangers - Essay Example Such skills include appropriate personal traits such confidence, humility, honesty, and kindness. The different sessions may also include training programs on achieving team goals, understanding the innovation process and proper decision-making, effective communication and commitment to long-term success. A good leader must be visionary and be in a position to use that vision to lead other employees (DaleCarnegie 1). Today’s business world dictates that the leader should be a team player. A leader needs to be able to engage the team and lead them towards meeting organization goals and objectives. As such, the training program should prepare a leader to win the team for the benefit of the organization. The training program should focus developing the leadership skills of the managers. The training program should transform managers from managing employees to leading employees. The training program for middle managers should be designed in a way that it touches on important aspects of leadership. After the training, the managers should be able to build effective teams, have good listening and communication skills and master the art of problem analysis and decision-making (DaleCarnegie 1). Workshops and seminars can also help enhance the leadership skills of managers. The transition from a typical employee to a manager requires a transformed mindset and a set of skills necessary to lead other people. The seminar should change the manager from a normal employee to a leader. In this context, the workshop should train managers to take charge and establish their authority. Building authority does not translate into dictatorship or authoritative leadership. It means that leaders should boost their credibility and earn respect from fellow leaders and even other employees. The leader should also learn to respect the boundary between leaders and employees. The workshops should also have sessions on leadership as s

Marketing Opportunity of Kralogie Germany Essay

Marketing Opportunity of Kralogie Germany - Essay Example Aside from expanding its coiffeur's network, the company should consider entering into a contract with its tie-up coiffeurs not to sell other hair care products like Wella and Sebastian. Â  It is also possible for the company to keep its distance closer to the consumers by allowing the product to be sold in hair salons, hyper- and supermarkets, health and beauty outlets, and throughout the different malls in Germany. Â  Also, the price of the product is considered to be very expensive on the part of the consumers. Considering that Wella and Sebastian are very active in selling hair care products, KÃ ¨rastase should make the price of its products competitive. Â  KÃ ¨ralogie’s product advantage over the other hair care brands is the fact that KÃ ¨ralogie products are known for its ability to tackle hair related problems such as dandruff. This gives the product a medicinal image. Â  Since the majority of its existing customers are females between the age brackets of 35 to 65 and are earning their own personal income, the company should start using fresh and famous personalities in advertising KÃ ¨ralogie products. Based on several reports, using famous personalities in advertising hair care and other related products could effectively increase the company’s annual sales. Since the quality of KÃ ¨ralogie products has been proven effective in treating hair related problems, the company could use sophisticated and good looking individuals with long hair to advertise the medicinal effects of KÃ ¨ralogie. Â  Q3 The recommended selling price for KÃ ¨ralogie products is basically the purchase price for the product plus a 100% markup. Considering the current competition in the hair care market, do you think it is still possible to apply the same pricing method today? Explain the reasons for your answer. Â  

Red Cross's Crisis Communications Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Red Cross's Crisis Communications Plan - Essay Example Crisis Communication addresses the process of managing a crisis situation, by roping in measures to counter the ill-effects of the situation. Crisis communication helps in analyzing the detriments and then working on the strengths, while also accentuating the positives. It helps in limiting, restricting and then, countering the negatives achieved during the crisis. Hence, it is a very important function for any organization. This paper is an attempt to analyse the Crisis Communication Strategy for one of the leading stores in Britain---John Lewis. John Lewis the retail store that is one of the most popular ones, in Britain. The store has been functional since 1864 and hence, it carries a legacy, robust management and a favourable position amongst the masses. The retail stores are extremely popular, and has branches in almost every city in the country. John Lewis has an employee base of 60,000 employees and hence, is a huge organization. With the level of popularity and the size of the organization, the stakes are rather high for John Lewis when it comes to handling situations that could be detrimental to its image. Crises situations in the past have occurred. For instance, once there was an instance when fire broke out and the retail company had to handle the situation by developing a good communication plan, to balance and fill in the lacunae. The crisis situation we can take up, is that of a new product launch and its consequent withdrawal. A company invests a large amount of planning, efforts, finance and publicity in the launching of a new product. However, when it is required to be taken off the shelves, it is indeed a crisis situation for the company, since it entails the handling of the stakeholders' interests, besides the financial community and also, the general public who procure a bad image of the company. The situation in John Lewis is the same, and hence, a robust crisis communication plan needs to be chalked out. For this, one must first look at the aims and objectives of the plan: Firstly, the main objective is to reach out to the stake holders, to ensure them that their interests are not at stake and is in the process of betterment. Secondly, it involves reaching out to the masses and delivering the exact scenario, while dispelling myths or apprehensions and ensuring that the company will be back with a bang, with their support. Thirdly, it is to convey to the media, the exact problem, the manner in which it is being solved and how the company is concerned about returning back to the grind, in all positivity. For John Lewis, the policy statement for the addressing of the crisis would be, the revealing of the exact reason behind withdrawal of the product. The product here is a new kitchenware. The appliance is an electrical water heater that can also turn hard water into soft

Biomechanical Differences: Male and Female Marathon Runner

Biomechanical Differences: Male and Female Marathon Runner More than by brain size or tool-making ability, the human species was set apart from its ancestors by the ability to jog mile after lung-stabbing mile with greater endurance than any other primate. The introductory quotation (Hotz, 2004) simply, yet vividly, expresses the results of a recent study completed by two American scientists, Dennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman, and released in the journal Nature(2004). Bramble and Lieberman contend that the ability to run long distances was the driving force shaping the modern human anatomy.Hotz’s characterization of early humans as marathon men and women from the tips of their distinctively short toes and long Achilles tendons to the tops of their biomechanically balanced heads (emphasis added) sets the backdrop for this essay—an exploration of the biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners. After a few additional historical comments, this essay opens with a presentation of anatomical differences between men and women with specific reference to running then continues with definitions and descriptions of the term marathon, as a form of organized running sport, and definitions for the term biomechanics in preparation for a discussion of how the field of biomechanics is applied to running. With this information as a foundation, the objective and scope will be articulated followed by presentation of previous methods and findings revealed from a search of the literature on the topic of biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners and closely-related topics. These findings will be discussed and conclusions drawn. Finally, recommendations for further research will be presented. To return briefly to the research findings of Bramble, a paleontologist and biomechanics expert, and Lieberman, a physical anthropologist, to continue setting the backdrop for the essay, Bramble states: Running made us human, at least in an anatomical sense. We think running is one of the most transforming events in human history (Chui, 2004). Endurance running is an activity that is reserved for humans in the primate world and not common in other mammals with the exception of dogs, horses and a few others. Bramble and Lieberman contend that running permitted humans to scavenge and hunt for food over significant distances and that the high protein food they secured was instrumental in developing larger brains (Wilford, 2004). To facilitate running, humans developed several traits including large buttocks with strong muscles which connect the femur to the trunk of the body preventing the body from over-balancing with each step. In addition, humans have a lengthy arm-swinging stride and [l]ong ligaments and tendons—including the Achilles tendon—[which] serve as springs that store and release mechanical energy during running.(Hotz, 2004). Bramble’s reference to today’s running in the evolutionary context he and Lieberman established provides an appropriate introduction to the exploration of the biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners (Wilford, 2004): Today, endurance running is primarily a form of exercise and recreation, but its roots may be as ancient as the origin of the human genus. The description of anatomical differences between men and women,which is focused on anatomical features that are involved in running,begins with a gender-neutral discussion to establish a foundation for the more gender-specific information. Rossi (2003) emphasizes the complexity of walking, a precursor torunning. He writes that half of the 650 muscles and tendons in thehuman body are involved in what most people consider to be the simpleact of walking. He suggests that, in the evolution of the human body,there were hundreds of adaptations that had to take place,adaptations that required repositioning of everything in the bodyover several million years. Rossi writes: The arms, no longer needed for branch swinging, became shorter, thelegs longer, the pelvis wider, the shoulders narrower, the neck longerand more slender, the spine changed from C-shape to S-shape. Majorchanges were required in the hip, knee and ankle joints. Hundreds ofmuscles, tendons, ligaments and joints gradually shifted in position,size and function. And of course, the new posture and gait requiredimportant changes in the size and position of all the organs of thechest and abdomen. Rossi suggests that some of these changes were extremely significantfrom a biomechanical perspective. For instance, he calls attention tothe blood pumping requirement of the upright human form: Daily in eachindividual, approximately 74,000 quarts of blood must travel through100,000 miles of blood vessels from the brain to the feet and legs in acircular pattern. Rossi emphasizes the human engineering challengethat was required to design a system that would counteract the effectsof gravity in moving blood vertically in this manner. Rossi’s commentsare particularly important in the context of the current discoursebecause they provide some insight into the current state of relevantanatomical features of today’s runners and how those features werederived. The anatomy of humans, unlike that of other living creatures,provides for speed and endurance. The unique characteristics related torunning include (Science in Africa, 2005, citing University of Utah Public Relations, 2004): †¢ Skull features. These features, which include sweating from the scalp and face, cool the blood. †¢ A balanced head. This shape of head with a relatively flat face,small teeth, and short snout moves the center of the mass backwardwhich helps to counter the effects of moving upward and downward duringrunning. †¢ A ligament running from the rear of the skill and neck downward tothe thoracic vertebrae. This feature serves as a shock absorber thataids the arms and shoulders in counterbalancing the head during runningactivity. †¢ Shoulders decoupled from the head and neck. This feature allowsrotation of the body while the head faces forward during running. †¢ A tall body. This feature, which includes a narrow trunk, waistand pelvis, provides for increased skin surface allowing for enhancedbody cooling and permits the upper and lower body segments to moveindependently. †¢ Short forearms. This feature permits the upper body to act as acounterbalance to the lower body during running activity while reducingthe muscle power required for maintaining flexed arms. †¢ Large vertebrae and disks. This feature permits the human back to accepted heavier loads when runners impact the ground. †¢ Large, strong connection between the pelvis and the spine. Thisfeature supports more stability and shock absorbing capacity duringrunning activity. †¢ Large buttocks. This feature, and the muscles that form it,stabilize the body during running activity. The connection of thesemuscles to the femur prevents the body from pitching forward. †¢ Long legs. This feature allows humans to take large strides duringrunning activity. The tendons and ligaments permit the legs to belighter and less muscular thereby requiring a smaller amount of energyto propel them while running. †¢ Large hip, knee, and ankle joint surface areas. These featuresprovide enhanced shock absorption by reducing the impact in any onespecific area. †¢ Arrangement of bones in the foot. This feature provides for a morerigid foot by creating a stable arch, allowing runners to push off in amore efficient manner and to use ligaments located on the bottom of thefeet as springs. †¢ Large heel bone, short toes, and a big toe. These features providefor enhanced shock absorption and increased capacity to push off duringrunning activity. With the running-related anatomical features applicable to allhumans as a foundation, the focus now turns to the differences inanatomical features between men and women, specifically those featuresthat are involved in running activity. Holschen (2004) writes that,until puberty, males and females are equal in terms of strength,aerobic power, heart size, and weight; they also have similar amountsof body fat. Starting at puberty, according to Holschen (2004), male and female sexhormones begin affecting bone and lean body mass, circulation, andmetabolism in different ways. A female typically has a wider pelvis,femoral anteversion (inward twisting of the femur), genu valgum (kneestouch but ankles are separated), and external tibial torsion (feet donot line up in a straight manner because of out-toeing from outwardrotation of the large calf bone). Center of gravity differences betweenmen and women are minimal, correlating more by body type and heightthan with gender. (Atwater, 1985, cited in Holschen, 2004). Whencompared with males, females typically have smaller bones accompaniedby smaller articular surfaces. They also have proportionately shorterlegs with resulting decreased potential force in certain maneuvers.(Holschen, 2004). At puberty, girls gain both fat and lean muscle mass due to theinfluence of female hormones; boys lose body fat and add muscle massdue to the influence of male hormones (Holschen, 2004). Women inadulthood have about ten percent more body fat than do their malecounterparts (Greydanus, D. and Patel, D., 2002, cited in Holschen,2004). The basal metabolic rate is approximately ten percent lower inwomen than in men. The presence of female hormones mandates that womenrely more on fat metabolism at any given exercise level when comparedto men. In addition, glycogen uptake, storage, and use are increased.(Holschen, 2004, citing Bonekat, H. W. et al., 1987; Dombovy, M. L. etal., 1987; Frankovich, R. J. and Lebrun, C. M., 2000; Nicklas, B. J. etal., 1989; Tarnopolsky, L. J., 1990) Cureton and associates (1988,cited in Holschen, 2004) attribute the differences in muscle strengthbetween men and woman to skeletal and cardiac muscular hypertrophy andmuscle mass percentage; they contend that muscle mass in men is fortypercent compared to twenty-three percent in women. Changes in body composition and circulatory capacity beginning atpuberty result in approximately twenty percent highercardio-respiratory capacity in men. Men also have comparatively higheroxygen-carrying capacity, larger heart and lung mass, a higher strokevolume, and higher maximal cardiac output which result in greatereffectiveness in aerobic and anaerobic activities, although trainingcan overcome the inherent differences (Williford, H. N. et al., 1993,cited in Holschen, 2004). The results of the current research point to fundamental anatomicaldifferences between men and woman, differences that largely begin toappear during puberty and which have some bearing on runningcapability. The term running can be defined as [moving] swiftly on foot sothat both feet leave the ground during each stride (American HeritageDictionary of the English Language, 2000). The research by Bramble andLieberman (2004, cited in Nature, 2004), which was presented earlier,seems to indicate that running has been part of human existence sinceits beginnings and, in fact, contributed significantly to developmentof human life today. Humans no longer require running for survival, atleast in their normal affairs; that is, typically, humans do not haveto run from danger or run in pursuit of animals to kill for food. Inmodern times, running has taken on a new form—competition foot racing.This competition racing can be against oneself to achieve one’s ownpersonal best or with others. Racing against others can take manyforms ranging from informal competitions between two young friendsracing against one another on a playground to very formal competitionssuch as those in the quadrennia l Olympics. The more formal runningcompetitions are typically classified by the length of the run: 100,200, 400, 800, 1500, 5000, and 10000 meters as well as marathons(Dollman, 2003). There are many terms that refer to specific forms of foot racing: run,dash, sprint, relay, meet, competitive trial of speed, footrace, andmarathon (Webster’s New World Thesaurus, 1997). Of these, the termsdash and sprint are typically used interchangeably to describe ashort, fast run or race (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1988) or ashort, swift movement (Webster’s New World Thesaurus, 1997). Organizeddashes and sprints are commonly of 50 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters,50 yards, 100 yards, and 200 yards in length (Webster’s New WorldThesaurus, 1997). Marathons are a form of long-distance running, whichare on- and off-the-track competitions of more than 3000 meters (Hlus,1997). Specifically, a marathon is a footrace of 42 kilometers, 195meters (26 miles, 385 yards) run over an open course, or anylong-distance or endurance contest People who compete in marathons arecalled marathoners (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1998).Physiologically, there is a fundamental difference between a sprint ordash and a marathon. According to Pritchard (1994), A sprinter canexert maximum force throughout the run, but this is not possible forlonger runs, where propulsive force must be reduced to match energyavailability. Historically, marathons are not new events. According to legend, thename marathon is derived from the Greek city, Marathon, to commemoratePheidippides’s run from that city to Athens to announce Greek victoryover the Persians. The marathon was introduced to the Olympics in 1896and today’s official distance was established in 1908. (Hlus, 1997; TheColumbia Encyclopedia, 2005) Today, in addition to marathon races inthe Olympics, many cities throughout the world serve as sites forannual or other periodic marathons (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2005). A new form of marathon race has recently taken form—the ultramarathon,which is any organized footrace extending beyond the standard marathonrunning distance of 42 kilometers, 195 meters†¦[they] typically begin at 50 kilometers and extend to enormous distances (Blaikie, n. d.).Standard distances for ultramarathons are 50 and 100 kilometers and 50and 100 miles (Meyers, 2002) with the longest certified race being theSri Chinmoy, a 2092 kilometer race held annually in New York (Blaikie,n. d.). The research produced numerous and varied definitions for the termbiomechanics. The following are representative of the findings: †¢ The study of the mechanics of a living body, especially of theforces exerted by muscles and gravity on the skeletal structure. (TheAmerican Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000). †¢ [The] application of mechanical engineering principles andtechniques in the field of medicine and surgery, studying naturalstructures to improve those produced by humans (The HutchinsonEncyclopedia, 2003). †¢ [A] science examining the forces acting upon and within a biologicalstructure, and the effects produced by those forces (The University ofCalgary, n. d.). †¢ [T]he science that deals with forces and their effects, applied to biological systems (Freivalds, 2004). †¢ [T]he application of the principles and techniques of mechanics to the human body in motion (Snowden, 2001). †¢ Biomechanics is a specific field which evaluates the motion of aliving organism†¦and the actions of forces on that organism†¦acombination of several different areas of study [including] anatomy andphysiology, kinematics (the study of motion without regard to itscauses), kinesiology (the study of human movement) and kinetics (thestudy of forces acting on a system) (National Endurance SportsTrainers Association, 2005). In furnishing a definition for biomechanics, the Quintic ConsultancyLtd. (2005) provides some additional insight into the origin anddetails of the term, stating that the name is derived from the Greekbios meaning life and mekhaniki meaning mechanics, adding that theseindividual terms are combined to mean the mechanics of life forms.The biomechanics discipline includes research into various life formsincluding plants, insects, reptiles, birds, fish, humans, and others.Within the human specialty, topics include mechanics of bone, tooth,muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage, skin, prostheses, blood flow, airflow, eye movement, joint movement [and] whole body movement (TheQuintic Consultancy Ltd., 2005). Historically, according to Knudson (2003), the study of humanbiomechanics has alternated between emphasizing each of its twocomponents—the biological and the mechanical. Atwater (1980, cited inKnudson, 2003) claims that, during the first half of the twentiethcentury, scholars emphasized medicine and anatomy under the termkinesiology. The distinct field of biomechanics was born from the workof biomechanists in the 1960s and 1970s. From that point the fieldbegan to emphasize mechanics over biology. Today, the competing forcesto move the discipline either toward a biological emphasis or toward amechanical emphasis continue (Knudson, 2003). The field of biomechanics, already narrowed in a previous sectionfrom consideration of all life forms to only humans for the purpose ofthis essay, can be focused even further to a sub-field called sportsbiomechanics (The Quintic Consultancy Ltd., 2005): Sports biomechanics uses the scientific methods of mechanics tostudy the effects of various forces on the sports performer. It isconcerned, in particular, with the forces that act on the humanneuromusculoskeletal system, velocities, accelerations, torque,momentum, and inertia. It also considers aspects of the behavior ofsports implements, footwear and surfaces where these affect athleticperformance or injury prevention. Sports biomechanics can be divided upinto two sections: performance improvement [and] injury prevention. The Australian Sports Commission (n. d.) furnishes additionaldescriptive information on the application of biomechanics to sports,using a term the Commission calls applied sports biomechanics whichincorporates techniques from physics, human anatomy, mathematics,computing and engineering to analyse technique to prevent injury andimprove performance. The Commission’s division of sports biomechanicsinto two categories—performance improvement and injuryprevention—echoes the classifications offered by The QuinticConsultancy Ltd. Williams (2003) describes how biomechanics can help runnerperformance, specifically that of the marathoner. Leading into hisrecommendations, he describes how marathon runners use a simplebiomechanical strategy known as drafting off another runner whenrunning into the wind to reduce the adverse effects of air resistanceand reduce oxygen consumption for the latter part of the race. Hewrites: The goal of the sport biomechanist is to improve movement efficiency,mainly by maximizing propulsive forces and minimizing resistive forces,and thus provide the athlete with a mechanical edge. Using high-speedcinematography, the biomechanist can analyze a runner’s form and detectproblems in running form that may be inefficient, such as overstriding,and that may waste energy. Although most elite and experiencedmarathoners have developed efficient running styles, even a smallimprovement in running efficiency may make a significant differenceover the duration of a marathon. In addition to the strategy of drafting off another runner,Williams offers several other biomechanical strategies includingselecting the proper sportswear (i.e. uniform and shoes) and optimizingbody weight and composition. Thus far the topics of anatomical differences between men and womenwith specific reference to running; definitions and descriptions of theterms marathon (as an organized, competitive form of running) andbiomechanics; and the application of biomechanics to running have beenpresented and discussed. With this as a foundation, the focus of thediscourse now turns to the topic of biomechanical differences betweenmale and female marathon runners and closely-related topics. The objective of this portion of the essay will be to explore thebiomechanical differences between male and female marathon runnersthrough a review and analysis of selected literature on the topic andrelated issues. The scope of the literature review will include marathon running withspecific reference to available information on the differences betweenmales and females. Although running of shorter distances (e.g. sprintsand dashes) and longer distances (e.g. ultramarathons) as well as othersports activities are excluded from the specific scope of this essay,references will be made to these activities when they related tomarathon running. Performance improvement and injury prevention werementioned as the two primary areas addressed by applied sportsbiomechanics. Gender-specific issues in each of these areas will beexplored briefly as well. REVIEW OF EXISTING RESEARCH ON METHODS AND FINDINGS One researcher who has studied gender differences in enduranceperformance, including marathon running, is Stephen Seiler (1996) ofThe Institute for Sport, Agder College in Kristianstad, Norway. Hewrites: Some years ago it was proposed by some that women wouldactually perform better [than men] at ultra-endurance type activities.This theory has been disproved in the laboratory and in practice. Aslong as women are women, I don’t think they will surpass men, statesNorways perennial marathon winner Grete Waitz (quoted in Holden,2004). The anatomical differences between females and their malecounterparts, specifically those that affect running, were presented inthe introduction. Now an attempt will be made to show that the generalanatomical differences between men and women extend to biomechanicaldifferences that affect marathon running performance and injury. Holschen (2004) writes that [T]he female athlete remains less wellunderstood and less well studied compared with male athletes,especially in the areas of performance factors, repetitive stress, andacute injuries. She continues: Logical reasons for this include: (a)a limited two-generation span of the high-profile elite female; (b)fewer females involved in coaching, research, and sports medicine; and(c) limited areas of female youth sports historically (gymnastics,swimming, dance). The reality of Holschen’s findings proved to be truein the current research activity. There were remarkably few availablesources on the biomechanics involved in women’s marathon running. Mostof the research either applied to males or did not identify the gender.Results from a review of selected research literature will be presentedin this section beginning with gender-differentiated research resultson running performance. Following this, results of research into thetwo applied sports biomechan ics specialties will be presented with afocus on studies concerning footwear and injuries. Holden (2004) writes about performance in running with specialattention to female runners. She quotes physiologist Henrik Larsen ofthe Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre in explaining women’s marathonperformance vis-à  -vis men: Women had not developed long distance;that’s why the improvement is much greater on the marathon. Larsen,who seems to attribute the performance improvements of femalemarathoners to focused training instead of anatomic factors, claimsthat [w]e don’t see any higher oxidative capacity in women. Holdenalso offers comments by exercise physiologist Timothy Noakes of theUniversity of Cape Town, South Africa who agrees with Larsen’sassessment: A smaller body frame gives women an edge on endurance†¦butmen can run 10% faster even when the difference in body size iscontrolled for. Stephen Seiler (1996), who was quoted at the start of this sectionstating that the proposal that women could perform better inultra-endurance activities has been disproved, confirms that there aresome physiological differences between the sexes that impactperformance in females independent of age. He notes that there is aten percent difference in marathon times between men and women, addingthat this difference is the same across the distance runningperformance spectrum. He attributes this difference, not to adifference in training, but to physiological differences. He studiedmaximal oxygen consumption, the lactate threshold, and efficiency toanalyze the differences between men and women as these factors mightaffect long-distance running performance: †¢ Maximal Oxygen Consumption. There is a 43 percent differencebetween men and women with men possessing a VO2 max (oxygen-deliveringcapacity measure) of 3.5 liters per minute and women with a capacity of2.0 liters per minute. Seiler attributes this in part to male size; menare larger. But, even when size is factored in, male oxygen consumptioncapacity is still fifteen to twenty percent higher. Males have agreater capacity to deliver oxygen to their muscles and organs. †¢ The Lactate Threshold. This is the point at which lactic acidbegins to accumulate at higher than normal levels in the blood streamindicating an exercise intensity boundary at which the level ofintensity can be maintained over a long period and that which willresult in quick fatigue. Seiler does not believe that lactatethresholds are different for men and women as a percentage of their VO2max. †¢ Efficiency. After finding conflicting information comparing theefficiency of males and females—revealing that females are lessefficient, more efficient, or the same as males in terms ofefficiency—Seiler believes that differences in efficiency do notaccount for the differences in endurance performance. Seiler concludes with his determination that the ten percentperformance difference between men and women in endurance running canbe attributed to the first of the three physiological factors hestudied—maximal oxygen consumption. Another researcher who explored gender differences in athletics,and especially in endurance events, is Dollman (2003). Citing Shepard(2000), Dollman writes that there is consistent evidence, based onobservations, that males possess larger measures of the following(quoted): †¢ Heart volume, even when corrected for stature. †¢ Haematocrit, which gives males a 13 percent greater oxygen-carrying capacity than females. †¢ Plasma volume. †¢ Total muscle mass, which means that females perform the sameabsolute task at a higher percentage of maximum voluntary contraction,with concomitant vascular impedance limiting cardiac ejection and peakcardiac output. In addition, male skeletal muscles may have a higher succinatedehydrogenase (an integral membrane protein) concentration (Dollman,2003, citing Costill, et al., 1987). Males may produce bettermechanical efficiency during running (Dollman, 2003, citing Miura,1997) although this is arguable as it may be rooted in cultural origins(Dollman, 2003, citing Shepard, 2000). Now attention will turn briefly to a review of selected researchinto the two primary application areas addressed by applied sportsbiomechanics: running performance and injuries. Regarding performance,footwear will be discussed followed by a presentation of selectedfindings on research into injuries. Gender issues will be introduced. Lipsky (2001, citing Hennig, 2001) presented research findings ongender-specific requirements for athletic footwear designed forrunning. The research experiment involved fifteen women and seventeenmen of the same body weights, heights, and ages. Each subject wore thesame shoe size and each tested five types of shoes which included threestyles of men’s shoes and two styles for women. Using Kistler forceplatforms at a set velocity, ground force reactions, tibialacceleration, angular foot motion, and plantar pressures at eightstrategic locations on the foot were measured. According to Lipsky, theexperiment revealed that none of the variables demonstrated asignificant interaction among gender and footwear type meaning, Lipskycontends, that women had the same biomechanical dilemmas in men’sshoes as they did in their own footwear. Despite similarity in thetest subjects’ weight and other factors, men exhibited higher pressurerates in all regions of the foot. Men had sig nificantly higher heelloads, but less midfoot loads, indicating that the arches of women donot support the middle of their feet. According to Lipsky, theseresults support the conclusions that women have a stronger collapse ofthe longitudinal arch†¦during weight bearing and have an increasedtendency of pronation and the smaller amount of pressure to theground. The recommendation from this study is that women should selectrunning shoes that protect against overpronation. This, according toLipsky, will help prevent knee injuries. Bartold (2004) adds to the literature on the differences inrequirements for athletic shoes for men and women. He claims thatrunning footwear is largely designed and manufactured for malerunners, making little recognition that women have significant injuryissues compared to men. Although Bartold acknowledges that reasons forinjuries are not scientifically established, he indicates thatproposals have been made that known differences in structure maypredispose female athletes to differences in running mechanics, andthese differences may lead to specific injuries, continuing by statingthat [a]necdotally, we have excellent evidence [that] the particularbiomechanics of female athletes and the way they run predisposes themto specific injury patterns. With regard to injuries, Parfit (1994) compared running injuries ofmiddle distance runners and marathon runners, concluding that thelatter incur more injuries when compared to the former (approximatelyeighty-two percent for middle distance runners compared to ninety-sevenpercent for marathoners). Acknowledging validity questions due to smallrunner populations studied and lack of injury definitions, Parfit foundthat whilst marathon runners suffered from back problems and hipailments, middle distance runners were more susceptible to kneeproblems, stress fractures, and shin splints. Certain types of knee, shoulder and back injuries are more commonin females and can in part be attributed to differences in body shapeand biomechanics, reports Glasgow, Scotland’s Daily Record (2004).Taunton et al. (2002) found that there were significant differencesbetween running injuries incurred by men and women. According to thisstudy, knee injuries seemed to be the most common injury in both sexeswith men experiencing higher incidences of the following injuries (thefirst percentage shown in parenthesis is for men; the second forwomen): †¢ plantar fasciitis, an injury to the fascia connective tissue on the bottom of the foot (54%/46%); †¢ meniscal injury, a condition in the knee cartilage that acts ascushion between the thigh bone (femur) and shin bone (tibia) (69%/31%); †¢ patellar tendinopathy, a rupture in the tendon that connects the kneecap to the tibia (57%/43%); †¢ Achilles tendinopathy, tendon pain or dysfunction in the muscle that connects the calf to the heel of the foot (58%/42%); †¢ gastrocnemius injury, a condition in the largest, most prominentmuscle in the calf which allows for extending the foot and bending theknee (70%/30%); †¢ adductor injury, a condition, such as a tear, in the muscle in the inner thigh (68%/32%); and †¢ osteoarthritis of the knee, a degenerative joint diseasecharacterized by breakdown of the articular cartilage in the joint(71%/29%). The study by Taunton et al. (2002) revealed that women experiencedhigher incidences of the following running injuries (the firstpercentage shown in parenthesis is for women; the second for men): †¢ PFPS, or patellofemoral pain syndrome, a pain behind the kneesometimes known as runner’s knee (62%/32%, does not add to 100%); †¢ ITBFS, or iliotibial band friction syndrome, a conditioncharacterized by injury to the thick band of fibrous tissue that runsdown the outside of the leg beginning at the hip and extending to theouter side of the shin bone just below the knee joint (62%/32%, doesnot ad

Ernest Hemingway Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ernest Hemingway was one of the greatest writers of the century. He was born at the close of the old century but was able to see the Disorders of the new century. Hemingway was marvelous in bringing about his pictorial effects for his readers even in his drunken state. Hemingway was skilled in the way he presented the â€Å"real† and â€Å"concrete† to be the first essentials in his writing. He put life back on the page so that we could see the grim reality of the truth. Hemingway’s style brought minute details to the surface so that the readers would understand his meanings. In the stories that I have chosen the critics have analyzed the story. In this paper I intend to prove that Ernest Hemingways writing in â€Å"Soldiers Home† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† influenced American writing styles through Symbols, Themes and writing techniques.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In several of Hemingway’s short stories, he uses one or more animals as symbols around which the story revolves. As central symbols, Hemingway’s animals are the manifestations of the psychological states and emotional desire of the main characters in the stories. He uses the symbols to enable the reader to comprehend the often not stated psychological forces that motivates them. Hemingway’s use of symbolism is a contribution to the richness of his characters. It provides the reader with a vehicle through which they can associate. Without them the stories would lose much of their color and clarity. In the short story â€Å"Soldiers Home,† Majorie Smelstor said â€Å" the title of this story suggests a familiar American landmark and symbol, The soldier’s home, a place for retired military to live and relive their war experiencesâ€Å" In this tale, however, the soldier’s home is neither a haven for ex-soldiers nor an envir onment for reminiscing† (MaGill 2170). Another symbol is the lies that Kerb lives with every day. Marjorie Smelstor said â€Å"For the townspeople do not want to hear the truth about the atrocities of battle, preferring, instead, lies about the heroics of war† (MaGill 2170). Marjorie Smelstor said In the end of the story â€Å"Mrs. Kerb’s reasserts her maternal role, reminding her son that she held him next to her heart when he was a tiny baby, Reducing kerb’s to the juvenile lie:† â€Å"I know, mummy†¦ I’ll try and be a good boy for you† (MaGill 2171).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...ise† is a cleansing drink. It has a seed that aids in expelling gas from the alimentary canal to relieve colic. Colic is a paroxysm of abdominal pain localized in a hollow organ. The American orders this drink for him and the girl. â€Å"This clearly shows you that the conflict and lack of communication between the two of them† (Passey 33). The answer is still unresolved and the girl must choose between the man and the baby. At the end of the story the reader is not sure of the girl's decision. Hemingway left the end of the story unresolved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his life time Ernest Hemingway enjoyed tremendous success as a writer. His ability to describe a story in detail was his best talent. On the two stories, Ernest showed his unique ability of story telling. Hemingway was very clever in using Symbols to bring his characters to life. Hemingway wrote many of war stories but was never a soldier. He just had the talent of looking at life and writing it down in a symbolic way. Most all the critics come up with the conclusion that Hemingway was truly talented. He influenced other American writers with his style, symbols, themes and technique.

The Necessity Of Responsible Parenting

This is because, it is mostly true. For example, how does a person become sophisticated or fancy? How does someone become barbaric? How does someone become holy? Of course a sophisticated/fancy person grew up with sophisticated people (I. E. , Mother, Father, Relatives etc.. ) and of course a barbaric person grew up with barbaric people and holy people grew up with other holy people. Imagine how can a fancy person grew up at the â€Å"squatters area† given the case that their family has trouble eating three times a day?Sure, it can be possible. But the odds of it to happen is unfavorable. Getting straight to the point, one of the factors that contributes to the child's character reflects on how he is raised and his rounding's. Now, how DOES responsible parenting help produce a successful child? According to the scientific researches, children often follow their parents' behavior. Which means, that imitation is a fundamental part in the growing process Of a child because it is one Of the natural ways Of learning.Therefore if you're a parent and you show him proper etiquette and good manners, the child will grow up into a well behaved individual. Another important influence of good parenting is that it promotes the academic success of students. After leaving pre-school or kindergarten, children approach an entirely new environment, the primary school. They must change their habit of playing whatever they want and whenever they want to an inevitable horrifying fate, which is the responsibility for studying well.At this very first stage, children integrate their studying method from the elder members in their family, like their mom or dad, when the child sees their mom and dad work hard because of the possibility that they mightn't brought home some of their work, then the child will try to imitate that and may result to a better study habit, which really affects their results in the long future. All of these would exult in an excellent academic aftereffect. And the last but not the least, children would be healthier in account of their parents' concern.The diet of children is mostly prepared by other family members. The way parent control various nutritious elements forms the children's habit, which can hardly be changed. If they get familiar with a balanced diet, they may enjoy a healthy life style in the future. Besides, a good, loving and responsible parent would explain to their children the large importance of physical exercises and encourage them to do these beneficial things to stay fit and healthy for being lately will benefit them in the long run. After stating all of these, you the reader, what will you do now?

Philosophy Personal Statement Writing Strategies Essay Example

Philosophy Personal Statement Writing Strategies Essay Example Philosophy Personal Statement Writing Strategies Essay Philosophy Personal Statement Writing Strategies Essay A personal statement is an admission test that every individual has to go through while applying to a university to pursue advance studies. It provides a perfect opportunity to the individual to outshine other intelligent candidates and secure a place in the academia of his choice. It helps you to sell yourself to the academy and demonstrate to the officers of the board of admission that you are a committed and a best suited candidate. During the admission seasons, hundreds of applications are sent to the universities and only a handful of those applications are accepted. It is obvious that they have limited seats in every department. An appealing philosophy personal statement is the only thing that can help you maximize your chances of securing a limited seat in the philosophy department. Writing an appealing statement surely seems a bit daunting to each one of us. However, with a little planning, preparation and devotion you can carry out this bit daunting task easily. Take a brief look at the following strategies for writing engaging and winning personal statements. Before your being jotting down letters in your statement, it is essential that you first take note of important elements that need to be inserted in it. These elements include your inspiration for choosing the field of philosophy, future aspiration, work experience related to the field, traits and details of your personal skills. Also, list down all the key points you wish to discuss in the statement. After completing your first rough draft, ask someone to go through the statement carefully and give you their honest feedback. The introduction will discuss what influenced you to engage in this complex field. Not many individuals these days go for this field so why you want to study or explore this field. Discuss why you are so interested in exploring it. Tell them what aspects of the philosophy subject intrigue you most. Remember that a winning personal statement should provide the admission committee your education background. It should discuss your characteristics and distinctive qualities. Explain them why you are so passionate about this field and provide supporting evidence of your passion for it. Remember that when you will ask to come for an interview you may probably be asked to answer some questions which are taken from the personal statement. Therefore make sure that you don’t include anything in the statement that you wouldn’t feel convenient discussing during the interview. Also make sure that you don’t fill the empty spaces in the statement with irrelevant details for the sake of meeting the length requirement. If you feel that you might not be able to cope with the word count, describe some of your traits or skills in more detail. However, ensure that the details provided in it are to the point and germane.

Graphic Design essays

Graphic Design essays Today, graphic design has become second nature. In fact, most people do not even realize that every day they are viewing thousands of visuals from the label on their coffee in the morning, to the billboard on the way to work, to the advertisement being pulled by the plane, to the toothpaste packaging before they go to sleep. The basis, or intellectual model, for this widespread art form of graphic designor the use of typographic, color and layout as well as text elements to communicate an idea or conceptgoes back about three hundreds years ago to European book production and composition. Graphics are as much a part of the history of culture as the oral and written word. From the time that Gutenberg invented mass printing production to the current websites, graphic design has grown and evolved with technology. First came the scores of books that could be printed at a time, instead of one-by-one by hand, then more elaborate engravings with copper plates. By the late 1700s to early 1800s, even before the industrial revolution, graphics were visible on fliers, signs, posters, banners, as Graphic design has become a vital component of each culture and period of human history since then including: The Arts and Crafts Movement, Victorian artwork, Art Nouveau commercialism, Modern Art design, visual corporate logos and identity, postmodern design and the computer graphics What many people do not realize is that graphic design is a science, or a specific branch of measurable data and laws that maintains consistency and standardization. At the end of the 17th century, typography body types were still not numbered, but received names instead. These were often based on the title of books, such as Cicero used in Epistles. However, this period of time was also the age of Enlightenment. Louis XIV, founded the Imprimerie Royale in 1692 at the requ...

EPoe Psychological problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

EPoe Psychological problems - Essay Example and Mrs. John Allan (Giordano, 2005). This early glimpse of his biography sets the stage for the complex psychological case that the author and his stories represent. The rest of his biography reveals the deep sense of fear of abandonment that fed his stories and poems, particularly as they dealt with the female character, the mother that left him, the sister he lost and, finally, the child and wife he adored who died. By looking at this biography, one can begin to understand some of the observations that have been made regarding Poe’s psychiatric make-up. Although he was given an affluent childhood thanks to Mr. Allan’s success as a merchant, the young Edgar experienced more separation when his foster parents opted to send him to boarding school in England for five years beginning at the age of 6. By the age of 17, Edgar was attending school at the University of Virginia, but he was already a very unhappy man. His foster father provided him with very little spending money, which Edgar began using to fund his heavy drinking habit (Giordano, 2005). Debt and inattention forced him to quit school less than a year later. With few options available to him, Edgar then joined the Army where he did well enough to gain his foster father’s support for application to West Point, but this also forced a separation as Edgar had managed to forge a new relationship with his aunt, Mrs. Clemm, and his young cousin, Virginia, while awaiting admittance to the school. Edgar might have done well at West Point, but John Allan failed to send hi m money while he was attending school again and again, Poe was dismissed. Left to his own defenses, Edgar made his way to New York by 1831 and, with no further assistance from John Allan, struggled to survive until he finally landed a job with a newspaper in 1835 and began seeing some success from his writing (Giordano, 2005). It was only at this point that he began to find a sense

Airline Deregulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Airline Deregulation - Essay Example Although the different airlines were competing on different levels the major airlines Delta, American and United airlines adopted the hub- and spoke system that entailed a shift in the route structure, so as to increase their bargaining power as a supplier. The intensity of competitive rivalry Competition between airlines are increased as more and more airlines joined the market ever since.The impact of the five components consists, Entry of new airlines This made the customers enjoy low pricing from the different carriers, making customers have a variety of airlines to choose from increasing the quality of services from the airlines. The major airlines had to do product differentiation so as to keep their clientele base by opting for a method called the hub. The government had to do a distribution in the routing of the airlines so as not to affect the original Airbus so much making adjustments in who the carriers should operate to what destinations. Due to the competition that the d eregulation enforced on the airlines, the major carriers opted for this FFP’s loyalty strategy. This was a way to win the trust and loyalty of their customers and to maintain their clientele base, they were rewarding their customer's free flights, if there could frequently be flying in their bus, this strategy brought about loyalty that was necessary to keep the hub operation going. Such products were able to put the big air companies on the market, increased their customer base and ensured sustainability of their business.

Woodrow Wilson and World War 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Woodrow Wilson and World War 1 - Research Paper Example 2 He had no belief in the Presidential form of government in the earlier years of his political career. He considered that the checks and balances in the U.S. Constitution did not provide for accountability on any arm of the federal structure. He rather advocated Parliamentary form of government. However in the later years he gained confidence in the Presidential system and got elected twice as the President.3 World War 1 World War 1 started in the year 1914 among the European countries due to the deep rooted naval rivalry between the great powers especially Great Britain and Germany who had amicably settled their differences only temporarily. France had misgivings about its lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and the resultant enmity had been brewing between them. Austria-Hungary and Russia had been resisting war with the Balkan countries in the years 1912 and 1913. In fact Europe had been witnessing a series of crises since 1900 that had brought great powers almost clo se to war. By 1914, the differences among these countries became insoluble and they started engaging in war against one another. 4 The United States remained neutral for some years before it was forced into war due to Germany’s aggressive postures. Woodrow Wilson did not believe in wars and advised the citizens of America not to take sides in the war that was in progress in Europe among Germany and Great Britain and others. Wilson lost his wife in 1915 and he later married Edith Boling Galt as his second wife in the same year. In the same year, Germany’s sinking of ships of Britain gave an opportunity for Wilson to mediate between the warring countries of Europe. His visit to Europe for convening a peace conference was reciprocated by European powers. Although the United States was growing in power, it was finding it difficult to protect her trading rights in the midst wars that were fought for victory and survival.5 Declaration of Neutrality Woodrow Wilson, in his mes sage to Congress urged his countrymen to remain neutral. Since people of the United States had their origins of many nations at war in Europe, it was quite natural for them to take conflicting stands. But as the citizens of the United States they should be bound together without exciting passions. If the people are divided, then it would not be possible to maintain peace and mediate as an impartial country. 6 First Warning to Germany Since Germany had been indulging in destroying merchant vessels of the United Sates and killing its people , Wilson issued his first warning to Germany on 10 February 1915 to the then Imperial German Government against attacking merchant vessels on the high seas without entering and searching for any contraband. He informed the German Government that it would be held to a strict accountability in case of attack on the merchant vessels of the U.S. resulting in loss of lives and property.7 War message to congress In view of the continued belligerence of G ermany against the United States, Wilson announced severance of diplomatic relations with Germany from 3 February 1917. In his war message to the congress on 2 April 1917, Wilson informed that Germany was indiscriminately sinking ships of neutral and friendly nations which was a challenge to all mankind. When all the affected nations were to decide how to meet the situations, the United Sates would not take action in a spirit of revenge or assertion of the country’s physical might but as the vindication of human right which the nation championed. On 26th February it was informed to the Congress that the country would assert its neutral rights with arms, right to use the sea in retaliation of unlawful interference, right to safeguard its people against unlawful violence. But as things stood in April, it

Good vs Evil Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Example for Free

Good vs Evil Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay The world as we know it is constantly moving and changing; events occur that can affect people’s lives even if they are thousands of miles away. Whether or not these happenings are good or evil can shape one’s mindset and outlook on the actions they take themselves. Both have distinct strengths and weaknesses; however, the real question one must ask is which side of the spectrum is more capable of influencing humanity. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde written by Robert Louis Stevenson, a wealthy and well-respected doctor by the name of Henry Jekyll, who believes that man is not one but two separate people, constructs a potion which unearths his inner evil (Mr. Edward Hyde), and in the end is engulfed by the strength of his malevolent persona. Although good is a preferred in society, the power of evil has more ability to spread over a larger scale and influence the minds of many; it is omnipresent, inevitable, and extremely easy to surrender to. As much as people would like to conceal their impure intentions and corrupt ways of life, somehow they are revealed and it is impossible to resist what truly lies inside. What classifies a person as either good or evil depends on what side of their soul they decide to let be in control. Once the bad side takes over it takes an immense amount of effort to get the good back. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll is consumed by the evil that lies within him. When Jekyll first consumes the potion he feels elated. Edward Hyde provides an alternate life for Jekyll. He is liberated of all cares and expectations. Nearing the end of the book, the reader gets a close look inside Jekyll’s mind and what was occurring when he switched between himself and Hyde. He tells about the early stages of his experiment: â€Å"I felt younger, lighter, happier in body†¦ a solution of the bonds of obligation, an unknown but not an innocent freedom of the soul. I knew myself, at the first breath of this new life, to be more wicked, tenfold more wicked, sold a slave to my original evil; and the thought, in that moment, braced and delighted me like wine† (Stevenson 67). Throughout his life, Henry has always been a man of respect. He is known to have integrity and good ethics. When he rids of his burdens and gives into the side of himself that does whatever it wants, he is rejuvenated. It’s as if he is given two paths, and the easier one to take is the one with â€Å"do not cross† tape across it. The temptation lingers over Jekyll to constantly transform into the devilish version of him. He is aware of the wrongness of the situation because Hyde is a danger to the community, but the feeling of being free is an addiction to him. It takes restraint to hold Hyde inside, and in the end it becomes impossible because he overpowers any will to salvage the morality of Jekyll. It is further explained that the switch between personalities was not caused by the drug, but by a choice that was made. Jekyll explains in his confessions, â€Å"The drug had no discriminating action; it was neither diabolical nor divine; it but shook the doors of the prison-house of my disposition†¦my evil, kept awake by ambition, was alert and swift to seize the occasion; and the thing that was projected was Edward Hyde† (Stevenson 67). It is said that evil is inside of everyone just as much as good is, and depending on what one faces one may be more present than the other. The potion was just a key which opened the lock that held Jekyll’s wicked spirit. The potential was always inside of him, but he needed that push to help him express it. In the real world, there are no potions that can turn one evil; however, certain events can trigger feelings or thoughts that completely go against one’s morality. It is a personal decision to act upon those thoughts, but it is particularly simple to do so, and once it is made a chain reaction occurs that becomes more frightening as it continues. That sparks one to ponder how the evil gets into a soul, and if there is anything to that can prevent the chaos it ensues. The question of where evil comes about is one that has been argued for a long time. Some believe that it is influenced by the world surrounding them, or perhaps by personal experiences. It could be that we are exposed to the concept of it at such an early age that we are given our lives to ponder what we prefer. It is also said that depravity is laced in our genetics, passed on through generations. Whatever the case, the demons inside us can at times be inescapable. If it is true that somewhere in our destiny lies evil, it is impossible to hold back. It is a natural instinct for those who are given that gene to do horrible things, and that overpowers the choice they are given not to. In an article addressing the source of evil which discusses well-known figures such as Adolf Hitler, it is written that recent studies have shown the evidence of behavior and personality in DNA. The author of the article believes that it is impossible to attain such tendencies through inheritance. He states, â€Å"The fact that one child may turn into a bully or become a criminal and another not remains a tantalising mystery, and one that scientists cannot possibly explain in simple terms of DNA† (Masters). Masters is suggesting that the transformation from good to bad is a complicated process that involves many elements. It is an intriguing thought, how a mind can shift from one side to the other. The influence of evil is all around and it becomes a task to ignore what is being so aggressively thrown upon a person. One incident can have the power to spoil a pure soul. Bad behavior is directly linked to selfishness; one can convince themselves that a decision that hurts others is what is right for them. Adolf Hitler can be used as an example of this; his greed for the perfect Germany drove him to do things which are appalling to imagine. With the article being based off of Hitler, it debates, â€Å"Vice is the easy option, whereas virtue denotes difficulty and sweat. As the great Roman philosopher and dramatist Seneca wrote: Nature does not give a man virtue, the process of becoming a good man is an art. † (Masters). Human beings are always searching for an easy way out. It can be applied to everyday life, taking an escalator rather than the stairs for example. When faced with the decision between good and evil, one is swayed towards evil simply because it is the easier decision to make. To be good and pure is to ignore impulses for revenge or selfish acts, which give one a sense of satisfaction and are hard to resist. It is a natural instinct to be bad, and one must work hard to escape the evil of their own self. Once somebody defeats the demons that lie inside of them, it is a whole other battle to face the evil that lay in front of them in their life. No matter where one may try to go, it is near impossible to escape the constant influence of bad people and bad things. No matter age, race, or sex, corrupt people are out there that can hurt and destroy. Evil is something that has the ability to spread like a wildfire, and affect all who crosses its path. In an ABC News article titled â€Å"‘Depraved’ Behavior in Ordinary Life† the subject of wickedness is brought into perspective with real-life situations. It is typical to connect evil to war and politics, but one may be surprised at the small accounts of evil they may encounter on a daily basis. Michael Welner, a psychologist who studies depraved behavior, believes that evil has a broad spectrum which any person can fit inside. He states, â€Å"’The American public regardless of [geographic] state, regardless of opinion, regardless of orientation, in a variety of issues can achieve an agreement about a number of qualities of crimes that make them beyond-the-pale depraved’† (Libaw). Welner challenges that there are standards that must be met for a person to be considered evil; however, it is fairly easy to meet the criteria. Anybody and everybody can do sinister acts; it doesn’t just apply to dictators and murderers. Looking further into the mind of an evil-doer, one may ask what makes a mind hostile. The subject is also addressed in this article, when Welner’s study is revealed to include 14 traits that can define a human as evil. Libaw sums up Welner’s research with this statement, â€Å"The common thread is that evildoers dont just commit bad acts. They choose to make their actions even worse by behaving sadistically and deliberately ignoring or intensifying the damage and suffering they cause† (Libaw). It is one thing to do something that is bad, and another thing to dedicate one’s life to making sure all surrounding them are in misery. Evil people have the power to ruin so many things with the blink of an eye, where it takes an army of good to defeat the power that the wicked ones hold. To make a difference for the better is much more difficult to do than destroying is. It takes too much effort and determination for any average person to accomplish. Evil is something that is all around us; it has the strength to overcome almost everything and destroy many aspects of society, even when there are the few that attempt to maintain the good. Connections can be made extremely easily, from those one might be close to or as far away as a person they learn about in school. Evil is something that carries on throughout the years and can have lasting effects while good deeds can only stay in the spotlight for so long. Humans have the choice to fight for good or to give into evil, and it requires inner strength of an individual to fight against the strength of evil if they wish to attain purity. If that can be achieved then it will stay and one less person will be affected; however if they fail, they may be a victim of the grasp of evil for as long as they shall live. Works Cited Libaw, Oliver. Looking for Evil in Everyday Life. ABC News. ABC News Network, n. d. Web. 09 Apr. 2013. Masters, Brian. Are Some People Born Evil? Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd, 7 Feb. 2007. Web. 26 Apr. 2013. Stevenson, Robert Louis. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. New York: Bantam, 1981. 67-69. Print.

Flanders Fields Essay -- essays research papers fc

In Flanders FieldsIn Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row,That mark our place; and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below.We are the Dead. Short days agoWe lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,Loved, and were loved, and now we lieIn Flanders fields.Take up our quarrel with the foe:To you from failing hands we throwThe torch; be yours to hold it high.If ye break faith with us who dieWe shall not sleep, though poppies growIn Flanders fields.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John McCrae’s “In Flanders Fields'; as a Canadian Cultural Artifact The poem, “In Flanders Fields'; written by Canadian John McCrae remains one of the most important and memorable pieces of war poems ever written. John McCrae came from a respectable family and became a soldier/ doctor/ author/ teacher. Though he wrote textbooks on medicine and numerous poems he will be forever remembered as being the voice of the many who had fallen during WWI. “In Flanders Field,'; stirred the hearts of soldiers and their family’s everywhere- not just Canada. In a simple language and with flowing verse it vividly evoked the situation and emotions of the front line troops. John McCrae’s poem later inspired the poppy to become the symbol of Remembrance and sacrifice.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John McCrae was born in Guelph, Ontario on November 30,1872 to two established, respectable and hardworking Scottish parents, David McCrae and Janet Simpson Eckford. The McCraes were staunch Presbyterians with the resilience and self-reliance of second-generation pioneers in Canada. David McCrae instilled a strong sense of duty and healthy respect for military values in his two sons. John McCrae was offered a scholarship from the University of Toronto in 1888 where he went on to study physiology and pathology as well, McCrae wrote poetry for the school paper The Varsity. From there he graduated from medical school with a gold medal for his outstanding academic performance. In 1899 he moved to Montreal to accept a fellowship in pathology and to study at the McGill University School of Medicine. Although McCrae was devoted to his medical career; when the Boer War erupted he was one of the first volunteers who wished to go and contribute to the defense of the Empire. John McCrae had been br... ...ised him for: “…his vitality and splendid vigour, his career and honour and marked distinction, his life filled with honourable endeavour and instinct with a sense of duty.'; At the medical school of McGill University, a stained glass window commemorated John McCrae with this simple description: “Pathologist, Poet, Soldier, Physician, Man Among Men.'; Bibliography Dancocks, Dan. Welcome to Flanders Fields. Toronto: Meclelland & Stewart, 1988. Granfield, Linda. In Flanders Fields: The Story of the Poem by John McCrae. Toronto: Lester Publishing Limited, 1995. In Flanders Fields Museum. September 1998. http://www.inflandersfield.be (October 12,1999). McCrae, John. In Flanders Fields. Toronto: William Briggs, 1919. Prescott, John F. In Flanders Fields: The Story of John McCrae. Ontario: The Boston Mill Press, 1985. Ruggenberg, Rob. “In Flanders Fields.'; The Heritage of the Great War. 1995. http://www.iaenv.nl/users/robr/poppies.html (October 12, 1999). Smithson, Dan. In Flanders Fields. Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, 1984. Vance, F Jonathan. Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning and the First World War. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1997. Flanders Fields Essay -- essays research papers fc In Flanders FieldsIn Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row,That mark our place; and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below.We are the Dead. Short days agoWe lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,Loved, and were loved, and now we lieIn Flanders fields.Take up our quarrel with the foe:To you from failing hands we throwThe torch; be yours to hold it high.If ye break faith with us who dieWe shall not sleep, though poppies growIn Flanders fields.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John McCrae’s “In Flanders Fields'; as a Canadian Cultural Artifact The poem, “In Flanders Fields'; written by Canadian John McCrae remains one of the most important and memorable pieces of war poems ever written. John McCrae came from a respectable family and became a soldier/ doctor/ author/ teacher. Though he wrote textbooks on medicine and numerous poems he will be forever remembered as being the voice of the many who had fallen during WWI. “In Flanders Field,'; stirred the hearts of soldiers and their family’s everywhere- not just Canada. In a simple language and with flowing verse it vividly evoked the situation and emotions of the front line troops. John McCrae’s poem later inspired the poppy to become the symbol of Remembrance and sacrifice.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John McCrae was born in Guelph, Ontario on November 30,1872 to two established, respectable and hardworking Scottish parents, David McCrae and Janet Simpson Eckford. The McCraes were staunch Presbyterians with the resilience and self-reliance of second-generation pioneers in Canada. David McCrae instilled a strong sense of duty and healthy respect for military values in his two sons. John McCrae was offered a scholarship from the University of Toronto in 1888 where he went on to study physiology and pathology as well, McCrae wrote poetry for the school paper The Varsity. From there he graduated from medical school with a gold medal for his outstanding academic performance. In 1899 he moved to Montreal to accept a fellowship in pathology and to study at the McGill University School of Medicine. Although McCrae was devoted to his medical career; when the Boer War erupted he was one of the first volunteers who wished to go and contribute to the defense of the Empire. John McCrae had been br... ...ised him for: “…his vitality and splendid vigour, his career and honour and marked distinction, his life filled with honourable endeavour and instinct with a sense of duty.'; At the medical school of McGill University, a stained glass window commemorated John McCrae with this simple description: “Pathologist, Poet, Soldier, Physician, Man Among Men.'; Bibliography Dancocks, Dan. Welcome to Flanders Fields. Toronto: Meclelland & Stewart, 1988. Granfield, Linda. In Flanders Fields: The Story of the Poem by John McCrae. Toronto: Lester Publishing Limited, 1995. In Flanders Fields Museum. September 1998. http://www.inflandersfield.be (October 12,1999). McCrae, John. In Flanders Fields. Toronto: William Briggs, 1919. Prescott, John F. In Flanders Fields: The Story of John McCrae. Ontario: The Boston Mill Press, 1985. Ruggenberg, Rob. “In Flanders Fields.'; The Heritage of the Great War. 1995. http://www.iaenv.nl/users/robr/poppies.html (October 12, 1999). Smithson, Dan. In Flanders Fields. Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, 1984. Vance, F Jonathan. Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning and the First World War. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1997.